Analyzing Barriers to the Adoption of Websites and Mobile Applications in Libya: A Mixed-Methods Study on E-Services, Trust, and Digital Transformation

Abstract

Libya presents a paradox in the domain of digital transformation: despite a relatively high internet penetration rate of approximately 88.4% in 2024 [1]. the country continues to face significant barriers to the effective adoption of websites and mobile applications. This paper investigates the key obstacles hindering digital engagement in Libya, including inadequate infrastructure, low internet speed and reliability, limited electronic payment systems, lack of trust in online services, digital illiteracy, and cultural considerations such as compliance with Islamic principles. A mixed-methods study design was adopted, combining quantitative data from a survey of 482 respondents with qualitative insights from interviews with twelve business managers. Quantitative analysis was conducted using statistical tools, while qualitative data were processed through natural language processing (NLP) techniques using NLTK and spaCy. Results indicate that while internet connectivity is widespread, actual use of e-services remains hindered by systemic inefficiencies and social barriers. The study contributes to the literature by presenting a holistic view of Libya’s digital ecosystem, highlighting both barriers and opportunities. Recommendations include short-term measures such as strengthening infrastructure and digital literacy programs, and long-term strategies such as legislative reforms, AI adoption, and the establishment of a national digital transformation authority.